Prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents in public schools in a municipality in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil.

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents from public schools. This is a cross-sectional study that used a random sample of adolescents from five public schools located in a municipality in the central-west region of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Information on demographic, socioeconomic, and drug use was collected using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,460 students, 716 (49%) males, aged 10-19 years (13.19±2.04 years). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last month was 51% for analgesics; 48.8% for alcohol; 37.3% for tobacco; 30.8% for tranquilizers; 23.1% for marijuana; 22.6% for anabolic steroids; 21.6% for ecstasy; 15.3% for amphetamines/stimulants; 13.4% for phencyclidine; 12.9% for cocaine/crack; 12.6% for inhalants/solvents; 11.5% for opiates; 11.4% for hallucinogens; and 16.2% for other unclassified drugs. Elementary and middle school students were more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 2.306; 95%CI: 1.733-3.068; p < 0.001), and male students were more likely to consume any type of substance. We identified a high use of psychoactive substances among this study participants, with a higher prevalence among male students.

Prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents in public schools in a municipality in the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil / Prevalência do uso de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes em escolas públicas de um município da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil / Prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en adolescentes en escuelas públicas de un municipio de la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of psychoactive substance use by adolescents from public schools. This is a cross-sectional study that used a random sample of adolescents from five public schools located in a municipality in the central-west region of the São Paulo Metropolitan Area, Brazil. Information on demographic, socioeconomic, and drug use was collected using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 1,460 students, 716 (49%) males, aged 10-19 years (13.19±2.04 years). The prevalence of psychoactive substance use in the last month was 51% for analgesics; 48.8% for alcohol; 37.3% for tobacco; 30.8% for tranquilizers; 23.1% for marijuana; 22.6% for anabolic steroids; 21.6% for ecstasy; 15.3% for amphetamines/stimulants; 13.4% for phencyclidine; 12.9% for cocaine/crack; 12.6% for inhalants/solvents; 11.5% for opiates; 11.4% for hallucinogens; and 16.2% for other unclassified drugs. Elementary and middle school students were more likely to consume tobacco (OR = 2.306; 95%CI: 1.733-3.068; p < 0.001), and male students were more likely to consume any type of substance. We identified a high use of psychoactive substances among this study participants, with a higher prevalence among male students.

O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas por adolescentes de escolas públicas. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com uma amostra aleatória de adolescentes de cinco escolas públicas localizadas em um município da zona centro-oeste da Região Metropolitada de São Paulo, Brasil. Informações sobre as características demográficas, socioeconômicas e de uso de drogas foram coletadas por meio de questionários autorreferidos. A amostra foi composta por 1.460 estudantes, sendo 716 (49%) meninos, com idade entre 10 e 19 anos (13,19±2,04 anos). A prevalência de uso de substâncias psicoativas no último mês foi de 51,0% para analgésicos; álcool 48,8%; tabaco 37,3%; tranquilizantes 30,8%; maconha 23,1%; esteroides anabolizantes 22,6%; ecstasy 21,6%; anfetaminas/estimulantes 15,3%; fenciclidina 13,4%; cocaína/crack 12,9%; inalantes/solventes 12,6%; opiáceos 11,5%; alucinógenos 11,4%; e outras drogas não classificadas 16,2%. Alunos do Ensino Fundamental foram mais propensos a consumir tabaco (OR = 2,306; IC95%: 1,733-3,068; p < 0,001), e os estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais propensos a consumir qualquer tipo de substância. Identificou-se um alto uso de substâncias psicoativas entre os participantes deste estudo, com maior prevalência entre os estudantes do sexo masculino.

El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas por adolescentes de escuelas públicas brasileñas. Se trata de un estudio transversal, realizado con una muestra aleatoria de adolescentes de cinco escuelas públicas, ubicadas en una ciudad de la región centro-oeste de la Región Metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil. La información sobre las características demográficas, socioeconómicas y de consumo de drogas se recabó de cuestionarios autoinformados. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1.460 estudiantes; 716 (49%) de los cuales eran varones, con edades entre 10 y 19 años (13,19±2,04 años). La prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en el último mes fue: para analgésicos 51%; alcohol 48,8%; tabaco 37,3%; tranquilizantes 30,8%; marihuana 23,1%; esteroides anabólicos 22,6%; éxtasis 21,6%; anfetaminas/estimulantes 15,3%; fenciclidina 13,4%; cocaína/crack 12,9%; inhalantes/disolventes 12,6%; opiáceos 11,5%; alucinógenos 11,4%; y otras drogas no clasificadas 16,2%. Los estudiantes de primaria fueron los más propensos a consumir tabaco (OR = 2,306; IC95%: 1,733-3,068; p < 0,001), y los varones los más propensos a consumir cualquier tipo de sustancia. Se identificó un alto consumo de sustancias psicoactivas entre los participantes, con mayor prevalencia entre los estudiantes del sexo masculino.

Repercussões da covid-19 para a saúde de adolescentes / Covid-19 repercusiones para la salud adolescente / Covid-19 repercussions for adolescent health

Objetivo:compreender as repercussões da pandemia da Coronavirus Disease 2019 para a saúde do adolescente. Método:estudo qualitativo, do tipo ação-participante, fundamentado nos pressupostos de Paulo Freire. Realizou-se um Círculo de Cultura Virtual, com a participação de 11 adolescentes, sendo percorrido as etapas do Itinerário de Pesquisa: Investigação Temática; Codificação e Descodificação e Desvelamento Crítico. Resultados: emergiram dois temas geradores: "ACoronavirus Disease 2019 na adolescência: transformações do presente" e "Como será o amanhã?" Discutiu-se sobre a necessidade de ficar somente em casa, sem irà escola e nem ver os amigos. Também refletiram sobre o futuro, demonstrando insegurança e preocupação com a situação da família e a valorização do que é importante na vida.Conclusão:A necessidade do afastamento social ou, alguns casos, do isolamento social, impostas pela pandemia, resultaram em mudanças bruscas na rotina dos adolescentes e de todo o grupo familiar

Objective:understanding the Repercussions of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic for Adolescent Health. Method:study quality, action-participant type, based on the assumptions of Paulo Freire. A Virtual Culture Circle was held, with the participation of 11 adolescents, covering the stages of the Research Itinerary: Thematic Investigation; Encoding and Decoding and Critical Unveiling. Results: emerged two main themes: "Coronavirus Disease 2019 in adolescence: transformations of the present" and"What will tomorrowbe like?" It was discussed the need to stay only at home, without going to school or seeing friends. They also reflected on the future, showing insecurity and concern about the family situation and the appreciation of what is important in life.Conclusion:the need for social distancing or, in some cases, social isolation, imposed by the pandemic, resulted in sudden changes in the routine of adolescents and the entire family group.

Objetivo:comprender las repercusiones de la pandemia de 2019 de la enfermedad del coronavirus para la salud de los adolescentes. Método:estudio cualitativo, acción-participante, basado en los supuestos de Paulo Freire. Se realizó un Círculo de Cultura Virtual, con 11 adolescentes, cubriendo las etapas del Itinerario de Investigación: Investigación Temática; Codificación y decodificación y Revelación crítica. Resultados: surgieron dos temas generativos: "Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 en la adolescencia: transformaciones del presente" y"¿Cómo será el mañana?" Se habló de la necesidad de quedarse solo en casa, sin ir a la escuela ni ver a los amigos. También reflexionaron sobre el futuro, demostrando inseguridad y preocupación por la situación de la familia y valorando lo importante en la vida.Conclusión:la necesidad de distanciamiento social o, en algunos casos, aislamiento social, impuesto por la pandemia, provocó cambios bruscos en la rutina de los adolescentes y miembros de la familia

Problematic Internet use, emotional problems and quality of life among adolescents / Uso problemático de Internet, problemas emocionais e qualidade de vida entre adolescentes / Uso problemático de Internet, problemas emocionales y calidad de vida entre adolescentes

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) among adolescents (N = 466) and its possible association with emotional problems and quality of life. Students (Mage = 12.8 years; SD = 1.9) from five public schools in a city in the State of São Paulo participated in this study and completed four instruments: a sociodemographic questionnaire; Internet Addiction Test (IAT); Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). No significant differences were detected about the frequency and intensity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress compared to those who did not have problems with the use of the Internet. No differences were observed between the groups in respect of quality of life either. However, those individuals who felt that their internet use impaired their daily activities presented higher average IAT scores and higher levels of stress. These findings indicated that the perception of internet use was the main variable associated with emotional symptoms. (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a prevalência de Uso Problemático de Internet (UPI) entre adolescentes (N = 466) e sua possível associação com problemas emocionais e qualidade de vida. Estudantes (Midade = 12,8; DP = 1,9) de cinco escolas públicas de um município do Estado de São Paulo participaram deste estudo e preencheram quatro instrumentos: Questionário sociodemográfico; Internet Addiction Test (IAT); Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS -21) e Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Não se encontrou relação significante entre a frequência e intensidade dos sintomas de depressão, ansiedade e estresse em comparação com aqueles que não possuem problemas com o uso da internet. Em relação à qualidade de vida, também não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos. Entretanto, aqueles que possuíam uma percepção de uso de internet prejudicial a suas atividades cotidianas apresentaram maior pontuação média do instrumento IAT e maiores níveis de estresse. Esses achados indicam que a percepção do uso do uso de internet foi a principal variável associada com sintomas emocionais. (AU)

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia del Uso Problemático de Internet (UPI) entre adolescentes (N = 466) y su posible asociación con problemas emocionales y calidad de vida. Los estudiantes (Midade = 12,8; DS = 1,9) de cinco escuelas públicas en una ciudad de la provincia de São Paulo participaron en este estudio y completaron cuatro instrumentos: un cuestionario sociodemográfico; Internet Addiction Test (IAT); Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) y Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). No se detectaron diferencias significativas sobre la frecuencia y la intensidad de los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en comparación con aquellos que no tuvieron problemas con el uso de Internet. Tampoco se observaron diferencias entre los grupos con respecto a la calidad de vida. Sin embargo, aquellas personas que sintieron que su uso de Internet perjudicaba sus actividades diarias presentaron escores promedios más altos de IAT y niveles más altos de estrés. Estos hallazgos indicaron que la percepción del uso de Internet fue la principal variable asociada a los síntomas emocionales. (AU)

Enfrentamento da COVID-19 e as possibilidades para promover a saúde: diálogos com professores / Enfrentamiento del COVID-19 y las posibilidades para promover la salud: diálogos con profesores / Coping with COVID-19 and the possibilities to promote health: dialogues with teachers

Objetivo: compreender a vivência de professores do ensino fundamental no enfrentamento da COVID-19, desvelando as suas possibilidades para promover sua própria saúde nesse contexto pandêmico. Método: estudo qualitativo, tipo ação participante, com guia metodológico do Itinerário de Pesquisa de Paulo Freire, que integra três etapas: Investigação Temática; Codificação e Descodificação; Desvelamento Crítico. Participaram do Círculo de Cultura 14 professoras do ensino fundamental, atuantes em escolas particulares e públicas de diferentes estados brasileiros. Resultados: a análise resultou dois temas geradores: 1) Desafios no enfrentamento da COVID-19; 2) Possibilidades para promover saúde de professores em tempos de COVID-19. Conclusão: os desafios do ensino remoto para o enfrentamento da COVID-19 envolvem sobrecarga, estresse, ansiedade, medos, preocupações, insegurança e saudade da escola. Como possibilidades para promover a saúde, as professoras buscam apoio familiar, organizando tempo para cuidar de si e aliviar a ansiedade por meio de leitura de livros, filmes e prática de exercícios.

Objective: to understand the experience of elementary school teachers in coping with COVID-19, unveiling the possibilities to promote their health in this pandemic context. Method: qualitative study, participant action type, with a methodological guide of Paulo Freire's Research Itinerary, which includes three stages: Thematic Research; Encoding and Decoding; Critical Unveiling. Fourteen elementary school teachers, active in private and public schools in different Brazilian states, participated in the Culture Circle. Results: the analysis resulted in two generating themes: 1) Challenges in coping with COVID-19; 2) Possibilities to promote teacher´s health in times of COVID-19. Conclusion: the challenges of remote education to cope with COVID-19 involve overload, stress, anxiety, fears, concerns, insecurity, and missing school. As the possibilities to promote health, teachers seek family support, organizing time to take care of themselves and alleviate anxiety through reading books, watching movies, and exercising.

Objetivo: comprender la experiencia de profesores de la enseñanza primaria en el enfrentamiento del COVID-19, desvelando sus posibilidades para promover su propia salud en ese contexto pandémico. Método: estudio cualitativo, tipo acción participante, con guía metodológico del Itinerario de Investigación de Paulo Freire, que integra tres etapas: Investigación Temática; Codificación y Descodificación; Desvelamiento Crítico. Participaron del Círculo de Cultura, 14 profesoras de la enseñanza primaria, actuantes en escuelas particulares y públicas de diferentes estados brasileños. Resultados: el análisis resultó en dos temas generadores: 1) Desafíos en el enfrentamiento del COVID-19; 2) Posibilidades para promover la salud de profesores en tiempos de COVID-19. Conclusión: los desafíos de la enseñanza remota para el enfrentamiento del COVID-19 envuelven sobrecarga, estrés, ansiedad, miedos, preocupaciones, inseguridad y sentir falta de la escuela. Como posibilidades para promover la salud, las profesoras buscan apoyo familiar, organizando el tiempo para cuidar de sí y aliviar la ansiedad por medio de lectura de libros, películas y la práctica de ejercicios.

The effects of sexual violence experienced in childhood and adolescence on undergraduate students.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of adolescents and young adults who were victims of sexual violence at some point in their lives and to compare the presence of depressive and anxious symptoms, quality of life, and use of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs among this population and those who were not abused. METHODS: Validated questionnaires and instruments were applied in a group of university students to assess: sexual profile and behavior, socioeconomic status, presence or not of sexual violence (Questionnaire on Exposure to Traumatizing Events), depressive (Beck Depression Inventory) and anxious symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory), quality of life (World Health Organization's Quality of Life Assessment) and the use or abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs (Smoking, Alcohol, and Substance Involvement Screening Test). RESULTS: Out of the 858 students who participated, 71 (8.3%) were victims of sexual violence, 52 girls (73.2%). In the victims of violence group there were more students who already had the first sexual intercourse (p = 0.029), students who already had become pregnant (p = 0.001), students with higher scores for depressive (p < 0.001) and anxious symptoms (p = 0.001), students with worse quality of life (p < 0.001), and who used more tobacco (p = 0.008) and marijuana (p = 0.025) as well as abused hypnotics or sedatives (p = 0.048) than in the non-victim group. CONCLUSION: The abuses are presented in several forms and affect, even in long term, the survivors' life. The sexual violence theme should be addressed and widely discussed in all spheres of society in order to mobilize, to sensitize, and provide society with knowledge, demystifying this subject and drawing attention to this important social issue.

The effects of sexual violence experienced in childhood and adolescence on undergraduate students / Os impactos da violência sexual vivida na infância e adolescência em universitários

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the prevalence of adolescents and young adults who were victims of sexual violence at some point in their lives and to compare the presence of depressive and anxious symptoms, quality of life, and use of alcohol, tobacco, and illegal drugs among this population and those who were not abused. METHODS: Validated questionnaires and instruments were applied in a group of university students to assess: sexual profile and behavior, socioeconomic status, presence or not of sexual violence (Questionnaire on Exposure to Traumatizing Events), depressive (Beck Depression Inventory) and anxious symptoms (Beck Anxiety Inventory), quality of life (World Health Organization's Quality of Life Assessment) and the use or abuse of tobacco, alcohol, and illegal drugs (Smoking, Alcohol, and Substance Involvement Screening Test). RESULTS: Out of the 858 students who participated, 71 (8.3%) were victims of sexual violence, 52 girls (73.2%). In the victims of violence group there were more students who already had the first sexual intercourse (p = 0.029), students who already had become pregnant (p = 0.001), students with higher scores for depressive (p < 0.001) and anxious symptoms (p = 0.001), students with worse quality of life (p < 0.001), and who used more tobacco (p = 0.008) and marijuana (p = 0.025) as well as abused hypnotics or sedatives (p = 0.048) than in the non-victim group. CONCLUSION: The abuses are presented in several forms and affect, even in long term, the survivors' life. The sexual violence theme should be addressed and widely discussed in all spheres of society in order to mobilize, to sensitize, and provide society with knowledge, demystifying this subject and drawing attention to this important social issue.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Investigar a prevalência de adolescentes e adultos jovens que foram vítimas de violência sexual em algum momento da vida e comparar a presença de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, qualidade de vida e uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas entre esta população e a que não sofreu abuso. MÉTODOS: Aplicaram-se questionários e instrumentos validados, em uma população de estudantes universitários, para avaliar: perfil e comportamento sexual, nível socioeconômico, presença ou não de violência sexual (Questionário sobre a Exposição a Eventos Traumatizantes), sintomas depressivos (Inventário de Depressão de Beck) e ansiosos (Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck), qualidade de vida (World Health Organization's Quality of Life Assessment) e o uso ou abuso de tabaco, álcool e drogas ilícitas (Teste para Triagem do Envolvimento com Fumo, Álcool e Outras Drogas). RESULTADOS: Dos 858 alunos que responderam à pesquisa, 71 (8,3%) foram vítimas de violência sexual, sendo 52 meninas (73,2%). No grupo vítima de abuso havia mais alunos que já tinham tido a coitarca (p = 0,029), alunas que já engravidaram (p = 0,001), estudantes com maiores escores para sintomas depressivos (p < 0,001) e ansiosos (p = 0,001), alunos com pior qualidade de vida (p < 0,001) e que usavam mais tabaco (p = 0,008) e maconha (p = 0,025) bem como abusavam de hipnóticos ou sedativos (p = 0,048) que no grupo não vítima. CONCLUSÃO: Os impactos causados pelo abuso são diversos e afetam, mesmo no longo prazo, a vida dos sobreviventes. Abordar o tema e o discutir, amplamente, em todas as esferas da sociedade é uma forma de mobilizar, sensibilizar e instrumentalizar o coletivo, desmistificando o assunto e chamando atenção para essa importante questão social.

Adapted version of the Pubertal Development Scale for use in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether scores in an adapted version of the self-assessment Pubertal Development Scale into Portuguese match those from the gold standard in pubertal development (Tanner scale). METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 133 children and adolescents aged nine to 17 years (59 males; mean age of 13 years and six months, with standard deviation = 25 months). Youngsters completed the Pubertal Development Scale and were then examined by specialists in adolescent medicine. RESULTS: Exact absolute agreement of pubertal stages were modest, but significant associations between measures (correlation; intra-class correlation coefficients of consistency) showed that the Pubertal Development Scale adequately measures changes that map onto pubertal development determined by physical examination, on par with international publications. Furthermore, scores obtained from each Pubertal Development Scale question reflected adequate gonadal and adrenal events assessed by clinical ratings, mostly with medium/high effect sizes. Latent factors obtained from scores on all Pubertal Development Scale questions had excellent fit indices in Confirmatory Factor Analyses and correlated with Tanner staging. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that self-assessment of body changes by youngsters using the Portuguese version of the Pubertal Development Scale is useful when estimates of pubertal progression are sufficient, and exact agreement with clinical staging is not necessary. The Pubertal Development Scale is, therefore, a reliable instrument for use in large-scale studies in Brazil that aim at investigating adolescent health related to pubertal developmental. The translated version and scoring systems are provided.

Adapted version of the pubertal development scale for use in Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine whether scores in an adapted version of the self-assessment Pubertal Development Scale into Portuguese match those from the gold standard in pubertal development (Tanner scale). METHODS This was a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 133 children and adolescents aged nine to 17 years (59 males; mean age of 13 years and six months, with standard deviation = 25 months). Youngsters completed the Pubertal Development Scale and were then examined by specialists in adolescent medicine. RESULTS Exact absolute agreement of pubertal stages were modest, but significant associations between measures (correlation; intra-class correlation coefficients of consistency) showed that the Pubertal Development Scale adequately measures changes that map onto pubertal development determined by physical examination, on par with international publications. Furthermore, scores obtained from each Pubertal Development Scale question reflected adequate gonadal and adrenal events assessed by clinical ratings, mostly with medium/high effect sizes. Latent factors obtained from scores on all Pubertal Development Scale questions had excellent fit indices in Confirmatory Factor Analyses and correlated with Tanner staging. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that self-assessment of body changes by youngsters using the Portuguese version of the Pubertal Development Scale is useful when estimates of pubertal progression are sufficient, and exact agreement with clinical staging is not necessary. The Pubertal Development Scale is, therefore, a reliable instrument for use in large-scale studies in Brazil that aim at investigating adolescent health related to pubertal developmental. The translated version and scoring systems are provided.

Educação Escolar, Sexualidade e Adolescência: uma Revisão Sistemática / School Education, Sexuality and Adolescence: a Systematic Review

A cada dia a escola tem sido cada vez mais requisitada para programas de Educação em Saúde, incluindo atenção diferenciada à educação em sexualidade. Assim, este artigo de revisão tem como objetivos identificar como a escola vem sendo utilizada, em pesquisas científicas, sobre sexualidade na adolescência e desvelar se os estudos atuais têm superado o viés higienista do binômio saúde-doença comumente associados aos trabalhos com sexualidade. Pesquisa de revisão sistemática com abordagem qualitativa nas bases PubMed e SciELO de artigos publicados de 2009 a 2014 selecionados com descritores (sexualidade, escola/educação e adolescência). Para organização dos dados foi elaborada uma figura de representação quantitativa das categorias de análise e suas interseções. Foram excluídos artigos de revisão e textos sem versão em português. Foram selecionados 25 artigos organizados em três categorias: utilizam a escola como lugar de coleta de dados sobre temas em sexualidade; associam escolaridade ao grau de informações corretas em sexualidade; e indicam a escola como lugar privilegiado para mudanças positivas de comportamento em sexualidade. Houve mudança expressiva no foco higienista, geralmente dado à sexualidade, na adolescência. A relação entre o nível de escolaridade dos alunos e o grau de informações corretas em sexualidade foi relevante. A escola foi considerada ambiente propício para coleta de dados sobre a adolescência e, as pesquisas apontaram que de fato a escola e seu posicionamento político devem acontecer para provocar mudanças positivas na sexualidade dos adolescentes. (AU).

Every day the school has been more requested for Health Education programs including special attention to sexuality education. Thus, this review article is based on identifying how the school has been used in scientific research on adolescent sexuality and reveal whether current studies have overcome the bias of the hygienist bias of the the health-disease binomial commonly associated with sexuality works. A research systematic review with a qualitative approach in PubMed and Scielo articles published from 2009 to 2014 with selected descriptors (sexuality, school / education, and adolescence) was carried out. To organize the data a figure was drawn of quantitative representation of analysis categories and their intersections. Review articles and texts without Portuguese version were excluded. 25 articles were selected which were organized into three categories: use the school as a place to collect data on sexuality issues; associate degree education to correct information on sexuality; and indicate the school as a place for positive behavior changes in sexuality. There was a significant shift in hygienist focus usually given to adolescent sexuality. The relationship between the level of the students' education and the degree of correct information on sexuality was relevant. The school was considered conducive environment for data collection on adolescence and the research showed that in fact the school and its political positioning should happen to cause positive changes in adolescent sexuality. (AU).

Is city of residence a factor differentiating Sitting time in adolescents? / A cidade de residência é um fator que diferencia o tempo sentado de adolescentes?

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the association between city of residence and other factors related to sitting time in adolescents. Students (n = 1,089), between 14 and 18 years, completed self-reported questionnaires to collect data about sitting time, general fitness, physical education and sport participation, socio-economic stratum and householder ́s education in Botucatu (SP), Cáceres (MT) and São Paulo (SP). The choice of municipalities occurred for convenience and the selection of schools and students was performed randomly. Multi-level mixed linear regression models were used to estimate the relationship between the independent variables and sitting time (min.day-1) during weekdays and weekend days. Hierarchal models were estimated to account for the nested nature of student within schools. Regarding cities of residence, there was no association with sitting time on both weekday (São Paulo, ß = 36.87, CI: 25.6; 233.62 and Cáceres, ß = 66.94, CI: 22.1; 156.01) and weekend (São Paulo, ß = 104.01, CI: 64.5;138.20 and Cáceres, ß = 90.23, CI: 33.2; 213.64), when compared to Botucatu. Socio economic indicators were related to sitting time in different ways considering week or weekend. Students with higher householder education degrees had more sitting time on weekdays. On weekend students in higher levels of socioeconomic stratum presented less sitting time. Adolescents with very good perception of general fitness had -65.29 minutes of sitting time on weekday and -70.1 minutes of sitting time on weekend. In the present study, city of residence was not related to sitting time in adolescents. However, other factors such as gender, socioeconomic stratum and educational status, participation in sports and physical education and perceptions of fitness were related to students sitting time

O objetivo deste estudo de cunho transversal foi examinar a associação entre cidades de residência e outros fatores relacionados ao tempo sentado em adolescentes. Estudantes (n = 1.089), com ida-des entre os 14 e 18 anos, responderam a questionários sobre tempo sentado, percepção da aptidão física geral, participação em educação física e participação em esportes, estrato socioeconômico e educação do responsável da família nos municípios de Botucatu (SP), Cáceres (MT) e São Paulo (SP). A escolha dos municípios ocorreu por conveniência e a seleção das escolas e alunos foi reali-zada de forma randômica. Modelos de regressão linear mista de multiníveis foram utilizados para estimar a relação entre as variáveis independentes e a quantidade de minutos sentados (min/dia) durante a semana e nos dias ao final de semana. Os modelos hierárquicos foram estimados para explicar a natureza aninhada do aluno dentro das escolas. Com relação às cidades de residência, não houve associação com o tempo sentado durante a semana (São Paulo, ß = 36,87, IC: 25,6; 233,62 e Cáceres, ß = 66,94, IC: 22,1; 156,01) e no nal de semana (São Paulo, ß = 104,01, IC: 64,5; 138,20 e Cáceres, ß = 90,23, IC: 33,2; 213,64), quando comparados a Botucatu. Os indica-dores socioeconômicos foram relacionados ao tempo sentado de diferentes maneiras, considerando a semana ou o fim de semana. Estudantes que tinham responsável com nível educacional mais alto tiveram mais tempo sentados durante a semana. Nos finais de semana, estudantes com melhor es-trato socioeconômico apresentaram menos tempo sentados. Adolescentes com percepção muito boa de aptidão física geral tiveram -65,29 minutos de tempo sentado no dia da semana e -70,1 minutos de tempo sentado no fim de semana. No presente estudo, a cidade de residência não teve relação ao tempo sentado em adolescentes, no entanto, outros fatores, como gênero, estrato socioeconômico e status educacional, participação em esportes e educação física e percepções de aptidão física foram relacionados ao tempo sentado

Effect of the Brazilian iron fortification of wheat and corn flour on the nutritional iron status in adolescents, 6 years after its implementation

BACKGROUND: As it is difficult to know the content of iron added in the Brazilian iron fortification of wheat and corn flour, and if the compound has good or poor bioavailability, the objective was to assess the effect of the Brazilian iron fortification program, as it was carried out, on iron nutritional status of adolescents, 6 years after its implementation. METHODS: A cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted with adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, both sexes, treated at a primary health care center. Data were collected from medical records of patients and compared with those of a previous survey conducted at the same center in 2004. Anthropometry, iron biochemical indicators, food intake, pubertal stage, and transferrin saturation were assessed, with pubertal stage and transferrin saturation being the last two variables compared between 2004 and 2010. Mann-Whitney and chi-square tests were also used. RESULTS: In 2010, mean hemoglobin values and serum ferritin levels were within normal ranges for both sexes, and adolescents who consumed diets with low iron bioavailability constituted more than half of the sample (52.7%). In2004, a 10.3 and 18.6% prevalence of iron deficiency was observed, based on low transferrin saturation, in females and males, respectively. It was noted that during the 6-year period, this prevalence decreased significantly, 4 and10.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Anemia and iron deficiency are not prevalent in this population, probably due to the implementation of flour fortification with iron; it is not possible, however, to attribute such a result only to the implementation of this strategy.

Contribuição do Pró-Saúde para a reorientação da formação em Odontologia e implementação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais: estudo de casos / Contribution of Pró-Saúde to a reorientation of Dental education and implementation of the National Curricular Guidelines: case studies

O Pró-Saúde é uma iniciativa do Ministério da Saúde com a parceria do Ministério da Educação, de amplo alcance e capilaridade, instituído e implementado a partir de 2006 e voltado para a reorientação da formação profissional em Saúde. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar de que forma e com quais estratégias estão sendo conduzidas as mudanças curriculares em cursos de graduação de Odontologia, em universidades públicas brasileiras, inscritas neste programa. Trata-se de um estudo de casos. Foram selecionados cinco cursos de graduação, um em cada macrorregião do país, e aplicados questionários de percepção aos coordenadores ou docente representante de cada curso, e a um grupo de estudantes, sobre as mudanças em processo. Os resultados apontaram que o Pró-Saúde tem sido um efetivo instrumento indutor de mudanças na direção da implementação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN). Os estágios extramuros apresentam grande variação no seu planejamento e representam uma ferramenta importante para o desenvolvimento das competências requeridas pelas DCN. Em relação à abordagem pedagógica, ainda predominam práticas tradicionais baseadas na transmissão vertical de conhecimentos e a integração das disciplinas ocorre, principalmente, em seminários modulares e disciplinas profissionalizantes (AU).

Pro Health (Pró Saúde) is an initiative of the Ministry of Health in association with the Ministry of Education, with broad coverage and capillarity. It was instituted and implemented since 2006, creating a partnership between health courses with the secretariats of Health, involving, in the beginning, the Brazilian health System (SUS) services and, more recently, involving the other services of SUS, at a national level. The objective of the present study was to verify how and with what strategies the curricular changes are being conducted in undergraduate Dentistry courses at Brazilian public universities enrolled in Pro Health. It is a case study methodology. Five undergraduate courses were selected, one in each macro region of the country, and questionnaires of perception were applied to the coordinators or teaching staff representative of each course, and to a group of students, about the changes in the process. The results pointed out that the Pro Health has been a useful instrument to induce shifts in the direction of the implementation of the National Curricular Guidelines (NCR). The extramural stages present great variation in their planning and represent an important tool for the development of the competencies required by the NCR. Regarding the pedagogical approach, traditional practices based on the vertical transmission of knowledge still predominate, and the integration of the disciplines occurs, mainly, in modular seminars and professional disciplines (AU).

Social skills: a factor of protection against eating disorders in adolescentes.

The purpose of this study is to provide a review of the literature on the relationship between eating disorders and social skills in adolescents. A search was made on the Medline, SciELO and Lilacs databases, for items combining the terms 'eating disorders', 'anorexia nervosa', 'bulimia nervosa' and 'food behavior', with the terms 'social psychology' and 'social isolation', and with the keywords 'social competence', 'social skill' and 'interpersonal relations'. The following were included: studies on adolescents; in Portuguese, English and Spanish; published in the years 2007 through 2012. The search resulted in 63 articles, and 50 were included in this review. The majority of the studies were made in Brazil and the United States. Of the total, 43 were original articles. The studies aimed to understand how emotional state could influence the establishment of eating disorders, interpersonal relationships and peer relationship. The articles also discussed the influence of the media and of society in this process. Based on the analysis of the studies, it was observed that the greater an adolescent's repertory of social skills, the greater his or her factor of protection against the development of eating disorders.

Habilidades sociais: fator de proteção contra transtornos alimentares em adolescentes / Social skills: a factor of protection against eating disorders in adolescentes

Resumo O objetivo desse estudo foi revisar a literatura a cerca da relação entre transtornos alimentares e habilidades sociais em adolescentes. Pesquisou-se as bases de dados Medline, SciELO e Lilacs, cruzando os descritores “transtornos alimentares”, “anorexia nervosa”, “bulimia nervosa” e “comportamento alimentar”, com os descritores “psicologia social” e “isolamento social”, e com as palavras chave “competência social”, “habilidade social” e “relação interpessoal”. Incluiu-se estudos com adolescentes, nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol, e publicações realizadas entre os anos de 2007 a 2012. A busca resultou em 63 artigos, sendo incluídos 50 nesta revisão. A maioria dos estudos foi conduzido no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos. Do total, 43 eram artigos originais. Os estudos visavam compreender como o estado emocional poderia influenciar no estabelecimento dos transtornos alimentares, assim como as relações interpessoais e a relação entre os pares. Os artigos também discutiram a influência da mídia e da sociedade neste processo. A partir da análise dos estudos, observou-se que quanto maior o repertório de habilidades sociais dos adolescentes, maior será o fator de proteção contra o desenvolvimento de transtornos alimentares.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a review of the literature on the relationship between eating disorders and social skills in adolescents. A search was made on the Medline, SciELO and Lilacs databases, for items combining the terms ‘eating disorders’, ‘anorexia nervosa’, ‘bulimia nervosa’ and ‘food behavior’, with the terms ‘social psychology’ and ‘social isolation’, and with the keywords ‘social competence’, ‘social skill’ and ‘interpersonal relations’. The following were included: studies on adolescents; in Portuguese, English and Spanish; published in the years 2007 through 2012. The search resulted in 63 articles, and 50 were included in this review. The majority of the studies were made in Brazil and the United States. Of the total, 43 were original articles. The studies aimed to understand how emotional state could influence the establishment of eating disorders, interpersonal relationships and peer relationship. The articles also discussed the influence of the media and of society in this process. Based on the analysis of the studies, it was observed that the greater an adolescent’s repertory of social skills, the greater his or her factor of protection against the development of eating disorders.

Direitos sexuais e reprodutivos na adolescência: interações ONU-Brasil / Sexual and reproductive rights during adolescence: UN-Brazil interactions

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é descrever os documentos internacionais da ONU e as legislações produzidas no Brasil a partir de 1950 com foco nos direitos sexuais e reprodutivos na adolescência. Estudo descritivo com consulta ao site oficial da Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe, órgão das Nações Unidas e em sites da Presidência da República, Ministério da Saúde e Educação e na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Os documentos foram organizados de 1950 a 2010 com recorte sobre direitos sexuais e reprodutivos e a adolescência. No âmbito da ONU encontraram-se dez conferências: seis sobre População e Desenvolvimento, duas sobre Direitos Humanos, uma Convenção dos Direitos da Criança e as Metas do Milênio. No campo da legislação nacional encontraram-se trinta e dois documentos (quatro decretos, treze leis federais, três normas técnicas, duas portarias, três resoluções, uma nota técnica e seis programas). A atuação da ONU e do Brasil em consolidar um conceito amplo de direitos sexuais e reprodutivos obteve avanços significativos, no entanto, ainda prevalecem maiores conquistas na área dos direitos reprodutivos.

Abstract The scope of this article is to describe the international documents of the UN and laws passed in Brazil from 1950 onwards focusing on sexual and reproductive rights during adolescence. It involved a descriptive study by consulting the official website of the UN organ entitled the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and sites of the President of the Republic, Ministry of Health and Education and the Virtual Health Library. The documents were organized from 1950 to 2010 with an emphasis on sexual and reproductive rights and adolescence. Ten conferences were found within the scope of the UN: six conferences on Population and Development, two on Human Rights, one on the Rights of the Child and another on the Millennium Development Goals. Thirty-two documents were found in the field of national legislation (four decrees, thirteen federal laws, three technical norms, two ordinances, three resolutions, a technical note and six programs). The role of the UN and Brazil in consolidating the broad concept of sexual and reproductive rights has made significant progress, however greater achievements in the area of reproductive rights still prevail.

[Sexual and reproductive rights during adolescence: UN-Brazil interactions]. / Direitos sexuais e reprodutivos na adolescência: interações ONU-Brasil.

The scope of this article is to describe the international documents of the UN and laws passed in Brazil from 1950 onwards focusing on sexual and reproductive rights during adolescence. It involved a descriptive study by consulting the official website of the UN organ entitled the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and sites of the President of the Republic, Ministry of Health and Education and the Virtual Health Library. The documents were organized from 1950 to 2010 with an emphasis on sexual and reproductive rights and adolescence. Ten conferences were found within the scope of the UN: six conferences on Population and Development, two on Human Rights, one on the Rights of the Child and another on the Millennium Development Goals. Thirty-two documents were found in the field of national legislation (four decrees, thirteen federal laws, three technical norms, two ordinances, three resolutions, a technical note and six programs). The role of the UN and Brazil in consolidating the broad concept of sexual and reproductive rights has made significant progress, however greater achievements in the area of reproductive rights still prevail.

Avaliação das competências dos cirurgiões dentistas que atuam nas equipes de saúde da família do município de São Paulo, na percepção dos gerentes das Unidades Básicas de Saúde / Evaluation of the competences of dentists acting in family health teams in São Paulo: the percection of managers of basic health units

O estudo objetiva a avaliação das competências dos dentistas que atuam nas Equipes de Saúde da Família (ESF) de São Paulo, Brasil na percepção dos gerentes das Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) para verificar o quão estão integrados ao perfil que se busca com as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) estabelecidas em 2002. Foi realizada a aplicação de questionários enviados online aos gerentes das UBS que tinham ESF atuando com dentista. Participaram da pesquisa 65 gerentes. Todas as 10 competências a serem desenvolvidas pelos dentistas foram consideradas extremamente importantes por mais de 50% dos respondentes. Os aspectos mais bem avaliados no desempenho dos dentistas foram: planejar ações integradas, planejar ações, privilegiando o caráter educativo e executar ações curativas. Os adolescentes são um grupo, ainda pouco explorados, em relação a programas de prevenção direcionados a eles. Na percepção dos gerentes respondentes, os cirurgiões dentistas estão integrados satisfatoriamente ao modelo de perfil que se busca com as DCN implantadas em 2002 (AU)

O adolescente e suas representações sociais: apontamentos sobre a importância do contexto histórico / Adolescents and their social representations: notes on the importance of the historical context

O propósito desta discussão consiste em problematizar os modos de representação social da adolescência. A tradição cientifica, especificamente a partir de Erikson (1976), favoreceu a representação social segundo a qual a adolescência é um período de passagem entre a infância e a idade adulta, isto é, um período marcado pela instabilidade, crise e turbulência cuja principal característica manifesta-se pela perda da infância e a entrada no mundo adulto. A problematização aqui apresentada deriva da hipótese de que, quando o universo adolescente adquire status de legitimidade social, que pode ser visto através da mídia e das representações sociais, então a adolescência deixa de ser aquele período de instabilidade e crise; período não familiar cujo único sentido consiste em chegar à fase adulta. A adolescência, uma vez que é representada socialmente em sua própria construção simbólica, não mais poderá ser vista apenas em seu caráter de interface, mas terá legitimado o seu próprio espaço social.

This study aims to discuss the modes of social representation of adolescence. Scientific tradition, especially from Erikson (1976), favored the social representation according to which adolescence is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood, ie, a period marked by instability, crisis and turbulence whose main characteristic is manifested by the loss of childhood and the beginning of adult life. The discussion presented here derives from the assumption that, when the adolescent universe acquires social status of legitimacy, which can be seen through the media and social representation, then adolescence is no longer that period of instability and crisis; unfamiliar period which only sense is to reach adulthood. Adolescence, as it is represented in its own socially symbolic construction, can no longer be seen only as an interface, but has legitimated its own social space.